What does the separation of powers refer to?

The separation of powers refers to the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to prevent any one branch from gaining too much power and to ensure a system of checks and balances. In a typical government structure, these branches are the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Each branch has its own specific functions: the legislative branch makes laws, the executive branch implements and enforces laws, and the judicial branch interprets laws.

This principle is fundamental to American governance as it helps to maintain a balance within the government by establishing clear roles and responsibilities. By doing so, it promotes accountability and prevents the misuse of power, fostering a more equitable political environment.

The other options, while relevant to aspects of governance, do not accurately capture the meaning of separation of powers. The establishment of laws is a function of the legislative branch, the right to vote pertains to civic responsibilities, and the role of international treaties is more related to the executive's role in foreign affairs rather than the foundational structure of government.